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THE WORK OF THE 
MEDICAL MISSIONARY 



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MARTIN R. EDWARDS 






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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



THE WORK OF THE 
MEDICAL MISSIONARY 



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BY 

MARTIN R. EDWARDS, M.D. 



STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 
125 EAST 27TH STREET 
NEW YORK 



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Copyright, 1909, 

STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT 

FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS 



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CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introductory Note I 

I. The Value of Medical Missions 3 

II. The Value of Medical Missions (concluded) 12 

III. The Need for Medical Missions 18 

IV. The Need for Medical Missions (concluded) 25 

V. The Medical Missionary at Work 30 

VI. The Medical Missionary at Work (concluded) 38 

VII. A Great Life Opportunity 44 

VIII. The Ideal Medical Missionary 52 

Appendix A. Some Practical Questions Answered 60 

Appendix B. Bibliography 63 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 



These Studies were written by Dr. Edwards after his 
experience as Traveling Secretary of the Student Vol- 
unteer Movement among medical colleges, and were 
used by him at three Student Conferences during the 
summer of 1909. They are intended primarily for medi- 
cal students and nurses, but should prove suitable also 
for students looking forward to medical work. 

The medical and hygienic conditions in non-Christian 
countries, the relation of supply to demand in the number 
and quality of medical practitioners, the real scope and 
value of the medical missionary's work, the nature of his 
equipment and practice, his special problems and oppor- 
tunities, his every day life, the requirements of such a 
profession — these are found to be common questions in 
the minds of medical students. 

In the outline Studies which follow, these questions 
are not fully answered, but references are given in which 
adequate answers will be found. It is essential that ref- 
erence literature be available. In addition to the Bibliog- 
raphy in Appendix B, useful material may be found in 
good encyclopedias, in missionary conference reports, in 
missionary and other periodicals and in standard works 



2 INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

on the various mission countries. Without at least the 
following books and pamphlets the study should not be 
undertaken : 

Barton: The Medical Missionary. 

Ludlow: Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient. 

Jeffreys: Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work. 

Wanless : The Medical Mission. 

Williamson : The Healing of the Nations. 

Tucker: A Modern Miracle Plant. 

Much of the other literature named in the Bibliography 
is of almost equal importance for the purposes of this 
study. The biographies of medical missionaries will be 
found particularly fresh and illuminating. 

Appendix A gives answers to some miscellaneous ques- 
tions of a practical character which are frequently asked 
by medical students, but which are not specifically dealt 
with in the Studies. 

J. Lovell Murray. 

New York, November i, 1909. 



STUDY I 

THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 

I. AS A HUMANITARIAN FORCE 

The establishment of modern medical and surgical 
practice among suffering, ignorant and degraded peo- 
ples is one of the splendid services to humanity rendered 
by modern missions. The religious motive of this work 
may not appeal to this or that individual, but all join in 
generous praise to it as a humanitarian agency. 

" Not only have tens of thousands of lives been saved 
and hundreds of thousands of persons burdened with dis- 
ease completely or in part relieved, but foundations are 
being laid by medical missionaries in heathen countries 
upon which medical institutions are being built up, and 
organizations established for the widespread and sys- 
tematic relief and prevention of disease. And all of this 
has been accomplished in countries where until the com- 
ing of the medical missionary the commonest surgical 
and medical measures were entirely unknown." — Dr. W. 
J. Wanless. 

" So sweet and reasonable have these institutions and 
methods and principles been seen to be that all men praise 
and approve them. So important are many of them for 
the welfare of the community that even governments do 
not hesitate to contribute public money for their estab- 



4 THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 

lishment and support. Not only the governments of 
Christian lands but those of non-Christian lands have 
quickly got the spirit and are following the example set 
them." — Rev. Sidney L. Gulick. 

Edward Bok was thinking of the large humanitarian 
service of present day medical missions when he said: 
" When that Babe was born, there was not in the whole 
town of Bethlehem, or the city of Jerusalem, a hospital 
in which the mother could have found shelter. There 
was not that night in the whole populated world, so far 
as it then existed, a single roof to whose shelter the sick 
and dying could have been taken without pay, not one." 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, Chs. Ill, IV. 

The Medical Mission, Chs. V., VI. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Chs. "Medical Missionary Work in 

China ;" "Three Decades ;" "Why?" 
The Medical Missionary, pp. 7-9, 17-19, 28-30. 
Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, Chs. II., III. 

Additional References 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. 188, 189. 

Gloria Christi, pp. 149, 150. 

Murdered Millions, pp. 26-61. 

Students and the Missionary Problem, p. 496. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. II., pp. 376, 390. 

Missionary Review of the World, Vol. III., p. 919 ; medical work 
in Ceylon, Vol. XII., pp. 641, 748; in India, Vol. II., p. 362; 
in Korea, Vol. V., p. 58; Vol. IX., pp. 688-690; in Mexico, 
Vol. XII., pp. 535, 773; in Persia, Vol II., p. 662; in Siam, 
Vol. XII., p. 778; in Uganda, Vol. XVL, p. 407. 



THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 5 

II. AS AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE 

The educational value of medical missions covers both 
the general instruction of the public regarding health and 
hygiene and the technical training of doctors and nurses. 

i. Education of the People. — The ignorance of the 
people and of the doctors and the prevalent hygienic con- 
ditions call with great urgency for the education of the 
general public. This education is carried on in the 
home, at the bedside, in hospitals, by conferences with 
officials, by the publishing of papers, pamphlets and 
posters and by the training of leaders for large 
hygienic movements. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 68-71. 
The Medical Mission, p. 41. 

Additional References 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. 170-171, 215, 216. 
Gloria Christi, p. 118. 

Books and pamphlets for popular information have 
been printed, and have proven of exceptional value. 
Tracts dealing with sanitation, the treatment of epidemics 
and diseases, and the preservation of health are often 
published during periods of danger. 

Additional References 
Gloria Christi, p. 148. 
Climate, Vol. V. 

World-wide Evangelization, pp. 512, 513. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. II., pp. 410, 466. 
Encyclopedia of Missions, Article on Medical Missions. 



6 THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 

2. Technical Training. — Much of the work of educa- 
tion, however, must follow the development of educational 
institutions. 

The attempt to send enough physicians to China alone, 
not to speak of the other great missionary fields, to take 
sufficient care of her physical needs, would be folly in- 
deed, and as unwise as impossible. The crux of the situa- 
tion lies in the training of natives themselves in the prin- 
ciples of modern medicine and surgery. The transfer of 
the medical work from the shoulders of the medical mis- 
sionary to those of the trained native, as has been so lit- 
erally accomplished in Japan, must likewise take place in 
all of the mission fields. 

As with the advance of civilization, however, many 
medical schools will be developed by public spirited na- 
tives and enlightened governments, it is increasingly es- 
sential that the Mission Boards plant numerous institu- 
tions where, together with the learning of the Western 
principles of medicine and surgery, each student may 
come in closest touch with the Great Physician Himself. 

The largeness of the field and the peculiar present day 
situation in many of them, particularly China, make the 
opportunity a splendid one, while the vast need of every 
mission field renders the call for the work imperative. 

" The medical schools established in missionary fields 
afford a splendid opportunity for bringing the brightest 
native Christians into a sphere of influence for benefiting 
future generations." — Dr. J. Rutter Williamson. 

If all of the possibilities of this educational work were 
realized and acted upon, the period Allan Forbes speaks 
of, at the end of which 'medical missionaries will not 



THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 7 

Be needed/ would be greatly shortened. Then his place 
will have been filled by native men and women trained 
under his direction* 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 57, 58, 62. 

The Medical Mission, pp. 41, 46, 91-92. 

A Modern Miracle ' Plant, Chs. "Why?" "Medical Missionary 

Work in China." 
The Medical Missionary, p. 37. 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 8, 10, 11, 

13, 14, 20, 23, 24, 27. 

Additional References 

Stewart of Lovedale, pp. 151, 222, 227, 22S. 
John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 229, 234, 352-354. 
The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. 159, 164, 201, 202. 
Gloria Christi, pp. 138-140. 

Modern Medicine and Surgery in the Orient, pp. 20, 24, 25. 
Missionary Review of the World, Vol. II., pp. 406-407. 
World's Work, October, 1907, Article, "American Healing 
Around the World." 

The training of nurses, both male and female, in hos- 
pital-schools for nursing, is no small part of the educa- 
tional work of the medical missionary. 

References 

The Medical Missionary, pp. 14-16. 

Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 8, 9, 14, 

20. 
The Healing of the Nations, p. 62. 

Additional References 

Stewart of Lovedale, p. 227. 
Gloria Christi, pp. 132, 139. 
Between Life and Death, Ch. XL 



8 THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 

III. AS A HYGIENIC FORCE 

Modern hygiene has made possible the building of the 
Panama Canal. It has freed Cuba from the yellow fever. 
It has waged relentless war on tuberculosis. It has greatly 
reduced infant mortality. It greatly minimized the death 
list of the Russo-Japanese War. What opportunities, 
then, present themselves for continued success in this 
direction in the great mission fields to-day ! 

Evidences of the great benefit of new ideas of house- 
hold and personal hygiene are everywhere seen in the 
mission field. " It is refreshing," writes Dr. G. L. 
McKay, "to see the clean houses and villages of the 
Christians, instead of the filthy heathen hovels of previous 
years." 

The question was asked of Rev. C. Bennett, during an 
epidemic in China : " How is it that you Christians do 
not take the plague? We have had processions and fire- 
crackers, and made presents to our gods, but all in vain ; 
we are dying by hundreds." The answer would be found 
in the better hygienic conditions that prevailed among 
the Christians. During the recent visitation of the plague 
at Amoy, the native Christians made every effort for the 
proper cleansing of their homes and they further seized 
the opportunity to do missionary work in the interests of 
more wholesome living on the part of those about them. 

Instances are not infrequent of the prevention of 
epidemics in various mission fields by prompt isolation 
of the cases by the medical missionary. Pasteur insti- 
tutes have been established at various centers, inoculation 
for smallpox has been inaugurated and in many of the 



THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 9 

fields preventive measures have been introduced for the 
first time by medical missionaries. 

The training of competent leaders to take positions 
of responsibility and authority in the inevitable govern- 
mental movements for the bringing about of better hygi- 
enic conditions affords opportunity to the medical mis- 
sionaries for great usefulness. 

Reference 
The Healing of the Nations, pp. 67-73. 

Additional References 

Gloria Christi, pp. 143-149. 

Modern Medicine and Surgery in the Orient, pp. 12-14, 19, 23. 

Climate, Vols. L, II., III., IV., V. 

Missionary Review of the World, Vol. II., pp. 458-469. 

Pennsylvania Medical Journal, December, 1908, Oration on 

Hygiene. 
Philippine Journal of Science (consult indices). 
China Medical Journal, January, 1909, Article on Hygiene. 
Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (consult indices). 
Annual of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology (consult indices). 
Christ, the Creator of New Japan, p. 184. 



IV. AS A SCIENTIFIC FORCE 

The amount of scientific research by medical mission- 
aries has been greatly limited, owing to the tremendous 
pressure of the numbers of sick calling for treatment. 
However, great contributions are certain to be made to 



IO THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 

our medical knowledge by the accurate reporting cf the 
large series of cases passing through the hands of the 
physicians and of medical conditions in the East, and also 
by the first-hand study of Asiatic diseases. This scientific 
output will be greatly increased in volume as the number 
of medical men on the field is increased and as they are 
able to develop native assistants, thus giving them more 
time for this important work. 

Scientific study of Asiatic conditions is now being thor- 
oughly carried on by members of the Chinese Medical 
Association and medical men in other mission countries. 
See their report on Intestinal Parasitology in The China 
Medical Journal, July, 1908. See also " Observations 
on Endemic Cretinism in Chitral and Gilgit Valleys/'* 
Indian Medical Gazette, December, 1908, and " Observa- 
tions on the Medical Progress in the Orient," pp. 6, 20. 
Many valuable articles have been written as the result of 
study and observation of medical conditions in mission 
fields by physicians there at work. 

That there is a splendid opportunity for the advance- 
ment of our surgical technique through the large series 
of cases must go without proof. See Study VII, " Some 
Prodigious Achievements," also the splendid Sym- 
posium on Vesicle Calculi in Medical Missions in India, 
January, 1909. 

The publication of medical journals now carried on by 
the medical missionaries of various countries (see be- 
low) will add greatly to our medical literature. It is a 
matter of gratification that the first medical congresses 
convened in Eastern lands have been held under mission- 
ary auspices. 



THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS II 

Reference 
The Healing of the Nations, p. 33. - f J 

Additional References 

Modern Medicine and Surgery in the Orient, pp. 27-38. 
Medical Missions in India, January, 1909. 
China Medical Journal (consult indices). 



STUDY II 

THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 

(Concluded) 

V. AS A SOCIAL FORCE 

i. In Destroying Caste. — In India, where caste is 
such a fatal barrier to national progress and the spread 
of Christianity, the work of the medical missionary is 
proving a peculiarly effective agency for the weakening 
of this obstructive system. 

" In the waiting room of a dispensary may often be 
seen, sitting side by side, the Brahman, the Sudra, and 
the Shanar, the Pulayar and the Pariah, the devil-wor- 
shipper, the worshipper of Siva, the Mohammedan, the 
Roman Catholic and Protestant, both men and women, 
of all castes and creeds/' — Dr. J. Rutter Williamson. 

Miss Dr. Stone, a Chinese graduate of the University 
of Michigan, who is in charge of one of the 166 hospitals 
in China, writes : " We have all kinds of cases in the 
hospital, rich and poor, high and low, from babies to 
gray-haired women. They are all alike in one thing 
when they come to us, and that is in suffering and in need- 
ing love and care." 

At Miraj Hospital, India, they waited six months be- 
fore any but a low caste man was willing to enter the 
wards. At the present time, however, there are not in- 



THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 1$ 

frequently half-a-dozen castes, including the Brahman, 
side by side, in the same kind of beds, receiving the same 
mode of treatment from the same Christian hands. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, p. 56. 

The Medical Mission, p. 47. 

The Medical Missionary, p. 15. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. "Three Decades." 

Additional Reference 
Gloria Christi, pp. 124, 127, 220. 

2. In Uplifting Woman. — It is beyond question that 
medical missions have contributed greatly to the elevat- 
ing of women in mission lands. 

Bishop Thoburn writes, speaking of the medical schools 
for women which have been established by medical mis- 
sionaries : " New careers have been opened to the woman- 
hood of India, while relief from pain and sickness in a 
hundred forms has been secured for all generations to 
uncounted millions of India women. The great move- 
ment has only begun." 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 58-63. 
The Medical Missionary, pp. 14-16. 

Additional References 
Gloria Christi, p. 149. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. I., pp. 104, 124; Vol. 
II., pp. 192-194. 



14 THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 

Students and the Missionary Problem, p. 508. 
World-wide Evangelization, p. 513. 



VI. AS A RELIGIOUS FORCE 

I. In Breaking Down Prejudice. — The walls of sus- 
picion and prejudice have fallen before the work of the 
medical missionary, and the way has thus been opened 
for the evangelist and teacher. 

A strong tribute to medical men is made by His Ex- 
cellency Wu Ting Fang, as he says : 

" That which undoubtedly above all else has made the 
way for Christian missions is the medical missionaries 
and the hospitals which they have established. The gos- 
pel of healing is one that makes its own way into the 
hearts of the people/' 

" With his healing mission as his defense and the 
Word of God as his weapon, the medical missionary has 
been able to safely traverse tracts of country never be- 
fore trod by Christian feet. In districts once visited, his 
return is eagerly looked for, and in the train of his 
pioneering labors other forms of mission work, besides 
his own, have been duly inaugurated. ,, — Dr. W. J. 
Wanless. 

" Medical missions are the pioneers of evangelism. 
They can be planted where no other branch of evangelistic 
work is possible. They are founded on a need which is 
universal, and felt by all. Every human being is some- 
times ill, and when not ill himself is often anxious on 
account of illness of some relative or friend. The Doc- 
tor, therefore, has immediately a welcome access to vast 



THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS i$ 

numbers who neither wish nor will have any intercourse 
with other missionaries." — Dr. Geo. E. Post. 

The official classes are seldom slow to appreciate the 
splendid services of the medical missionary, and previous 
prejudices and unreasoning suspicions are soon removed. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 35-48. 

The Medical Mission, Ch. VI. ' ' 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. "Three Decades." 

Additional Reference 
John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 178, 183, 192, 221-222. 

Even the common people, steeped in ignorance and 
superstition, are also strangely ready in many cases to 
give up their suspicions and prejudices, as the medical 
missionary carries on his work among them. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 16, 42-45, 52, 57. 

The Medical Mission, p. 92. 

The Medical Missionary, pp. 20-22. 

Additional References 

Woman's Medical Work in Foreign Lands, pp. 10-12. 

Stewart of Lovedale, p. 228. 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, Ch. LXIIL, p. 157. 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, p. 191. 

Gloria Christi, p. 115. 

Murdered Millions, pp. 76, 88. 

2. In the Work of Evangelization. — At the hospital 
the quiet teaching of the Bible woman, the prayers before 



1 6 THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 

the operations, the little prayer groups in the wards, the 
texts scattered about the hospital walls and the many 
evidences of Christian love even in the routine of the 
hospital work, all serve to carry the message with an 
especial emphasis to the hearts of the patients. 

" I have no hesitation in expressing it as my solemn 
conviction that as yet no medium of contact and of bring- 
ing the people under the sound of the gospel and within 
the influence of other means of grace can compare with 
the facilities afforded by medical missionary operations." 
— Dr. Peter Parker. 

" During the year some forty-five from the ranks of 
the patients have taken the first, second or third steps 
towards entering the church, with more preparing them- 
selves." — Mission Hospital Report. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 45-47. 

The Medical Mission, Ch. VII. 

A Modern Miracle Plant. 

The Medical Missionary, pp. 20-22, 37-39. 

Additional References 

Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, Chs. II., III. 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 58-59; Ch. VI; pp. 132, 213, 224, 

354, 359- 
The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. 204, 205, 228-230; Ch. 

XII. 
Murdered Millions, pp. 76-88. 

The Student Missionary Appeal, Ch. " Medical Missions." 
Students and the Missionary Problem, p. 495. 
World-wide Evangelization, p. 524. 



THE VALUE OF MEDICAL MISSIONS 17 

Those patients who, while in the hospital, become con- 
verted to Christianity, carry the message to many others 
as they go back to their homes, and thus churches are 
often started where the evangelist has never been. 

" In one year patients came to us representing 1,031 
villages. Christianity went in a direct and special form 
to each of these."— Dr. H. D. Porter. 

The spread of the gospel, due to the hospital work, is 
brought about not only by the message of those who have 
been converted. Tracts, portions of the Bible, etc., are 
given to the patients, and, as these are taken home, the 
message is carried to wide areas. 

" Between three and four hundred different villages, 
many of them between fifty and one hundred miles and 
more distant, are annually represented by the patients 
who come for treatment to my hospital at Miraj, Western 
India. They all alike hear the gospel, and carry back 
gospel tracts and messages to their village homes. Our 
tracts have gone to scores of villages seldom, if ever, 
visited by a missionary or native Christian." — Dr. W. J. 
Wanless. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 45-47. 

The Medical Mission, Ch. VII. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. " Three Decades." 

Medical Missionary, p. 39. 



STUDY III 

THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 

I. THE IGNORANCE OF THE PEOPLE 

The ignorance of the people of mission countries along 
the lines of municipal, household and social hygiene and 
regarding the cause and treatment of diseases is most 
deplorable and constitutes a great factor in the need for 
medical missionaries. Their superstitious, blind faith in 
fetishes and gods lays them open to the most rampant 
ravages of disease. 

i. Ignorance Regarding Hygienic Conditions. — A 
doctor writes from Persia that his patients abhor water 
and shut out air. " It is almost needless," says Dr. Den- 
nis, " to enter upon a description of the sanitation of an 
Indian village, for there is a total absence of it. The 
people drink from the pond in which they bathe, and in 
which their cattle wallow." The Chinese hygiene is al- 
most unspeakable. It is said that one smells China a 
hundred miles out to sea. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 68-70. 

The Medical Mission, pp. 12-13. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Chs. "In the Individual Heart, in So- 
ciety and in the World ; " " Medical Missionary Work in 
China." 



THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 19 

Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, pp. 5, 9. 
The Medical Missionary, pp. 9, 16. 

Additional References 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. I., pp. 219, 220, 222; 
Vol. II., pp. 458, 468. 

Gloria Christi, p. 108. 

Modern Medicine and Surgery in the Orient, pp. 25, 27. 

Indian Magazine and Review, August, 1894, Article, " Indian Vil- 
lage Life: Its Present Urgent Want"; June, 1897, Article, 
" Indian Sanitation." 

Christ, the Creator of New Japan, p. 18. 

2. Ignorance and Superstition Regarding Disease.— 

Amid conditions as seen above, it would be surprising to 
find any accurate knowledge of the cause, prevention and 
treatment of diseases among the natives; and there is 
none. The ignorance and superstitions of the people 
regarding disease are pitiable. Many, including nearly 
all the Mohammedans, are fatalists and do not struggle 
against disease or expect much relief. Hundreds of mil- 
lions associate disease with the " evil eye " of gods and 
demons. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 13-19. 

The Medical Mission, p. 15; Ch. III. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. "Medical Missionary Work in 

China." 
Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 3, 17, 18. 

Additional References 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. I., pp. 182, 187. 
Encyclopedia of Missions, Article on Medical Missions. 



20 THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 

II. THE IGNORANCE OF MOST NATIVE DOCTORS 

" Killed by ignorance " is still the verdict in number- 
less cases of fatality. The native physicians, generally 
speaking, have no education. Occasionally there are 
found some who have studied under medical mission- 
aries upon the field, or who have obtained their education 
in foreign countries or in the few schools already estab- 
lished in mission lands, but the great mass have had abso- 
lutely no training whatever. Their knowledge of an- 
atomy is almost nil. Their knowledge of pharmacology 
is purely empirical, and their pharmacopeia is grotesque 
and would oftentimes be ridiculous were it not for the 
pity of its inefficiency. Their theories regarding health 
and disease are absurd and wholly directed by their 
superstitions. Their knowledge of pathology is less than 
their knowledge of anatomy. . The superstition of the 
average native doctor, his cunning, his atrocious cruelty 
and malpractice, his heartless treatment of the insane, are 
notorious. 

" Ignorance in some of its aspects may be regarded 
as only a negative evil, but when it undertakes to practise 
medicine and surgery, it becomes a positive evil of an 
aggressive and deadly character." — James S. Dennis. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 9, 10. 

The Medical Mission, p. 21. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. " Blind Leaders of the Blind." 

Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, p. 7. 



THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 21 

Additional References 

Gloria Christi, p. 108. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. I., pp. 187-197. 

Encyclopedia of Missions, Article on Medical Missions. 

i. Their Ignorance of Disease. — The theories of the 
native physicians as to health and disease are remarkably 
simple. The body, according to the thought in many 
countries, consists of earth, wind, fire and water. " Hot 
and cold " remedies are used for the curing of diseases 
in China, according to the condition of the patient, 
whether he have fever or be attacked by chills. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 10, 13. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, " Blind Leaders of the Blind ; " " Medi- 
cal Missionary Work in China." 
Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, p. 7. 

Additional Reference 
John Kenneth Mackenzie, p. 102. 

2. Their Crude Methods of Diagnosis. — The meth- 
ods of diagnosis of the native physicians are as futile 
as they are simple, being in any case the purest of 
guesswork. Without knowledge of physiology or 
anatomy, any satisfactory pathological diagnosis is a 
pure impossibility, and diagnoses are oftentimes ridic- 
ulous. The pulse, whether it be hard or soft, rapid or 
slow, whether it be the right or left pulse, and whether 
it be at the wrist or high in the arm, is a sufficient 
guide to all diseases. 



22 THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 

References 

The Medical Missionary, p. 40. 
Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, p. 8. 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, p. 25. 
A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. " Blind Leaders of the Blind." 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, p. 102. 

The Student Missionary Appeal, pp. 483-508. 

Society in China, pp. 149-159. 

3. Their Ignorance of Therapeutics. — The lack of 
knowledge of the native physician as to anatomy, surgery, 
materia medica, pathology, etc., is excelled only by his 
lack of knowledge regarding any satisfactory and scien- 
tific treatment. 

" After all, the thing to be lamented is not so much the 
resort to useless remedies as the ignorance and credulity 
that makes them possible." — James S. Dennis. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 9-15, 24. 

The Medical Mission, pp. 16-20. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. " Blind Leaders of the Blind." 

Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 10, 11, 12. 

Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, pp. 7, 8, 9, 10. 

4. Their Superstitions. — Among these " practition- 
ers/' as among the people generally, illness is often 
ascribed to demons, or to the anger of gods and god- 
desses, who are thought to preside over epidemics and 



THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 23 

must be propitiated in order to secure their suppression. 
Rev. John Wilkie, of India, states that he has seen native 
physicians repeating verses out of their sacred books to 
relieve a person who had been stung by a scorpion. In the 
mind of the Zulu no sickness comes without a cause; 
and of adequate causes there are only external violence 
and poison. To quote from one writer : " So when he 
is sick and has received no wound or other injury, he 
concludes that he has been poisoned. Perhaps it has 
been put in his food, or perhaps some charm has been 
thrown as he walked/' And his physician fully 
endorses the superstition. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 14, 15. 
The Medical Mission, pp. 15, 16, 30. 
The Medical Missionary, pp. 25-27, 30. 

Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 17, 18, 
26, 34. 

Additional References 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. I., pp. 187, 203; 

Vol. II., pp. 287, 288. 
The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. 271, 272. 
John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 103, 129, 287, 288. 

Often the native doctors are far worse than ignorant. 
The frequent outrageous cruelty, the many cases of mal- 
practice, the common cunning of the native doctors, all 
tell of the great need of a large work of education and of 
the spread of kindly Christian love and sympathy. 



24 THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 10, 22, 25, 31. 

The Medical Mission, Chs. II., III. 

The Medical Missionary, pp. 25, 26, 30. 

Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, p. 4. 

Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, p. 10. 



STUDY IV 

THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS - 

(Concluded) 

III. INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF TRAINED 
PHYSICIANS 

Chicago has six thousand physicians for its two mil- 
lions of people; China for its four hundred millions of 
people has but four hundred thoroughly trained physi- 
cians. The United States has one physician to every 
nve hundred and fifty persons; China has one to every 
one million in population. The United States has 160,000 
physicians; supplied at the same ratio as China there 
would be only eighty. Bodies suffer and hearts ache in 
China even as here ! 

The plea of Sir D. Ibbetson, Lieutenant-Governor of 
the Punjab, " India is in crying need of native practi- 
tioners," applies to all other mission (countries. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 8, 9, 91. 
The Medical Mission, Chs. II., III., pp. 89, 90. 
A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. " A Great Field." 
The Medical Missionary, pp. 28, 30. 



26 THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 

Additional References 

Stewart of Lovedale, p. 227. 

Gloria Christi, p. 114. 

Murdered Millions, pp. 28-57. 

World-wide Evangelization, p. 520. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. II., p. 380. 



IV. INADEQUATE SUPPLY OF HOSPITALS AND 
DISPENSARIES 

Chicago has sixty-six hospitals for its two millions 
of people; China has for its four hundred millions of 
people only one hundred and sixty-six. 

In India, before the English occupation, there were no 
hospitals or dispensaries through all the land. 1 

As late as 1897, Dr. Lamb wrote from the New 
Hebrides : " Much interest centers in the experiment, 
the first made in this part of the world, of founding a 
hospital on a cannibal island and utilizing it as an engine 
for breaking down savagery by the power of Christian 
love/' 

Throughout the wide mission field practically no hos- 
pitals have been established, except those established by 
missionaries or those whose founding has been inspired 
by them. 

In all of China's history there is no record of a hospital 
for the insane until one was established by Dr. Kerr 
within the last decade. 

1 The Jains (one of the religious sects of India) are u noted for the hospitals, 
which they maintain for animals, in which cats, dogs, decrepit horses, diseased 
cows, and insects are found. Snakes are not excluded, but children are not ad- 
mitted."— Bishop Thoburn, in The Christian Conquest of India, p. 95. 



THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 27 

References 
The Healing of the Nations, pp. 26-29, 62, 91. 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 6, 10. 
The Medical Mission, p. 26. 
A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. " A Great Field." 
The Medical Missionary, p. 19. 

Additional References 
Stewart of Lovedale, p. 227. 
Gloria Christi, p. 125. 
Murdered Millions, p. 53. 

V. THE SPECIAL NEED FOR WOMEN PHYSICIANS 

In many of the mission fields, the need and oppor- 
tunity for women physicians is unparalleled. Medical 
women are the only ones who are permitted to enter the 
harems and zenanas of millions of women. " There are 
tens of thousands of sick women in the central and north- 
ern parts of India, who would rather die than have a 
male physician attend them in sickness." — Dr. W. J. 
Wanless. And because there are no women physicians 
in many large districts they do die. 

In China, India and the Moslem world, the work that 
can be done only by the woman physician calls loudly for 
a great increase in the number of women giving them- 
selves to this service. 

References 
A Modern Miracle Plant, Chs. " His Life a Ransom for Many ; " 

" Inasmuch as ye did it unto Me." 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 7, 8, 9. 
The Medical Mission, pp. 27, 43. 
The Medical Missionary, pp. 14, 15, 16. 
The Healing of the Nations, pp. 17, 18, 23. 



28 THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 

Additional References 

Gloria Christi, p. 124. 
John Kenneth Mackenzie, p. 180. 
Murdered Millions, pp. 37, 38. 
Between Life and Death. 

Philippine Journal of Medicine, July, 1908, Article, " Obstetrics 
in the Philippine Islands." 

VI. LACK OF SYMPATHY FOR THE SUFFERING 

Heartbreaking instances of lack of love and sympathy 
on the part of most of the people in non-Christian lands 
are of frequent recurrence in the every-day life of medical 
missionaries. Their failure to provide hospitals, their 
neglect of the insane and the lepers, their frequent cruelty 
to the dying, and their hardness of heart to the suffering 
of those even of their own family are indicative of an 
appalling lack of tender feeling and loving service. This 
condition is due primarily to their not knowing Christ. 

The need for the medical missionary is vastly inten- 
sified by this awful lack. He is needed as a doctor, but 
still more as a doctor with a Christlike sympathy in his 
heart. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 26, 31, 54, 92. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. "Three Decades," foot-note. 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp, 282, 289, 290. 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. 145, 173, 223. 

Gloria Christi, pp. 107, 143. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. I., pp. 205-209. 



THE NEED FOR MEDICAL MISSIONS 29 

VII. NEED FOR PROTECTION OF OTHER MIS- 
SIONARY INVESTMENTS 

Both humanity and wisdom demand that physicians be 
sent out to the mission fields to take proper care of the 
missionaries in the various stations. 

According to Dr. W. R. Lambuth, formerly a medical 
missionary in China, the efficiency of the working force 
of the missionary stations depends a great deal on the 
physicians situated there. Great suffering is frequently 
undergone by the missionaries in fields where no phy- 
sicians have been stationed. The London Lancet states 
sharply : " The sending out of missionaries without the 
presence of a physician in that neighborhood is to be 
roundly condemned." 

The continuance of mission stations is often made pos- 
sible by the presence of medical missionaries. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 35, 36. 
The Medical Mission, pp. 28, 47 ; Ch. VIII. 
A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. "Why?" 
The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, p. 157. 

Additional References 

The Lancet, November 2J, 1897. 

British Medical Journal, December 11, 1897. 

Murdered Millions, pp. 65, 68. 

The Student Missionary Appeal, p. 507. 

Students and the Missionary Problem, p. 497. 



STUDY V 

THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 

I. HOW RECEIVED 

i. By Official Classes. — The official classes in mis- 
sion fields, once the work is established, seldom fail to 
show their appreciation of the great service rendered. 
The finely equipped hospital at Tientsin, established and 
so long maintained by His Excellency Li Hung Chang, 
and many others which have been endowed by native offi- 
cials, are proofs of the spirit of welcome on the part of 
many of the official classes to this medical missionary 
work. 

Viceroy Tuan Fang states that the awakening of 
China will be traced in no small measure to the hands of 
missionaries. " For this service," says he, " you will find 
China not ungrateful." 

The medical missionaries and the hospitals, according 
to Sir Chen Tung Chen, have undoubtedly contributed 
above all else to opening the way for the spread of 
Christian civilization. " The highest class of people 
patronize these foreign hospitals." 

" It receives the highest official recognition, and thus 
facilitates the employment of all other agencies. The 
foreign doctor is a persona grata, even in palaces and 
halls of state." — James S. Dennis. 



THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 31 

As suggested above, the kindly feeling of the officials 
does not always end in a welcome with word alone, but 
assistance, financial and otherwise, is often extended with 
a bounteous hand. 

The officials at Changsha, China, in the spring of 1909 
sent $1,400 to the Yale medical work there, as an en- 
tirely unsolicited expression of their appreciation of the 
work done in that city. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 40, 48, 52, 56, 61, 62. 

The Medical Mission, pp. 35, 42, 44, 46. 

The Medical Missionary, p. 38. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Chs. " Spreading the Word of Life ; " 

" Medical Missionary Work in China. ,, 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 8, 9, 

11, 24. 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 183, 190, 221, 222, 259. 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. no, 123, 124, 215. 

Gloria Christi, pp. 120-125, 130, 131. 

Murdered Millions, pp. 74-88. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. II., pp. 410, 413-415, 

418. 
Christ, the Creator of New Japan, p. 19. 

2. By the People. — The hearty welcome of the mass 
of the people to the hospital work is shown conclusively 
by a quick reference to the section " Some Prodigious 
Achievements," p. 45. They come in great numbers, thus 
showing their confidence in the medical work. The 
doctor is always welcome. 

Witness Dr. Dodd's return to Cesarea. " Three hours 



32 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 

away from the city, a large cavalcade of twenty men and 
twenty-five women and children met him and his wife, 
using twenty horses and many arabas and wagons." — 
The Medical Missionary, p. 18. 

Even the poorer classes often contribute generously to 
this work. In many instances, wealthier natives have 
given munificently to hospitals and dispensaries, in some 
cases having built and maintained them at their own 
expense. 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 40-44, 53, 54, 63. 
A Modern Miracle Plant, Chs. " Three Decades ; " " Out of Dark- 
ness into Light ; " " Medical Missionary Work in China." 
The Medical Missionary, p. 18. ' 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 40, 58-60. 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. 207-212. 

Gloria Christi, p. 115. 

Between Life and Death, p. 5. 

World-wide Evangelization, p. 525. 



II. DISPENSARIES 

The dispensary is generally the precursor of the hos- 
pital. A glance at the section " Some Prodigious Achieve- 
ments," p. 45, will at once show that the dispensary work 
is especially fruitful in reaching a large number of cases. 
What is said below about the establishment and sup- 
port of hospitals applies to dispensaries also. 

To the dispensary each morning come rich and poor, 
high caste and low caste, and the woman who, after the 



THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 33 

others have told of sick stomach or blinded eye, asks wist- 
fully for " medicine for a sad heart." 

References 

The Medical Mission, pp. 43, 44, 91. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Chs. " Three Decades ; " " Christianity 

a Pervasive Leaven." 
The Medical Missionary, pp. 9, 32, 39, 43. 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 14, 19, 

21, 26, 27. 

Additional References 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. II., pp. 418, 433. 
Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions, pp. 192, 211, 222, 224, 271. 
John Kenneth Mackenzie, p. 124. 

Traveling Dispensaries. — Many physicians have 
found that tours of healing through the villages and coun- 
try districts are exceedingly useful. This most nearly imi- 
tates the procedure of the Great Physician as He " went 
about doing good." This form of work is recognized 
as being of particular value in districts just being opened 
to mission work. 

References 

The Medical Missionary, p. 12. 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 82, 83. 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 65, 66. 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, p. 191. 

Gloria Christi, pp. 140, 141. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol II., pp. 45-49. 



34 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 

III. HOSPITALS 

The doctor on the mission field feels that it is in the 
hospital that his greatest work is done. It is a source 
of great satisfaction to him to see a hospital that may 
have been started very humbly grow to an institution 
which in point of equipment and general character worth- 
ily represents what is best in Christian civilization. 

I. Nature. — The character of the hospitals, which 
the medical missionary considers his " force rather than 
his field," varies widely. It is a far call from Dr. Cam- 
mack's first thatched roof and floorless building at Chi- 
sambi to Dr. Van Allen's splendidly equipped stone struc- 
ture at Madura, India (" The Medical Missionary," pp. 
29, 32). But the patients, many of them for the first time 
receiving care from a trained physician, are less conscious 
of the comforts of the building than of the gentle touch 
that carries the double cure. 

References 

The Medical Missionary, pp. 10-13, 28-30, 37-39 (see illustra- 
tions). 

Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 6-15, 
18-21, 22,-27 (see illustrations). 

Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, Ch. II. 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 42, 201, 202. 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, p. 103. 

Gloria Christi, pp. 125, 137. 

Modern Medicine and Surgery in the Orient, p. 22. 

Between Life and Death, Chs. VI.-X. 



THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 35 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. IL, pp. 418-433 (see 

illustrations). 
China Medical Journal, March, 1909. 
World's Work, December, 1907, Article, "American Healing 

Around the World." 



2. How Established. — The large majority of hos- 
pitals in the foreign field have been started by missionary 
endeavor. India for centuries has had hospitals for her 
cows, but it remained for the followers of the Great 
Physician, who loved men, to start the first hospital where 
a man or woman in pain could go for relief without pay. 

References 

The Medical Mission, pp. 44-46. 
A Modern Miracle Plant, Ch. "Three Decades. ,, 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 6-8, 10- 
11, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24-26. 

Additional References 

Stewart of Lovedale, pp. 222,-227. 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, Ch. V. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, Vol. IL, pp. 418-432. 

While the hospitals have largely been started by the 
foreign missionary, yet, as has been stated above, money 
has been freely given by the natives toward the erection 
of the buildings. Once the medical missionary has es- 
tablished his merit and gained the confidence of the peo- 
ple and officials, they often are ready to give generously 
for the introducing of these " modern miracle plants." 



36 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 

References 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 41, 44, 62. 
The Medical Mission, pp. 12, 13. 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 40, 183, 186, 402. 
Gloria Christi, pp. 121-131. 

Governments are now taking up the establishment of 
hospitals and dispensaries. In India numerous hospitals 
have been established by the British government. Hos- 
pitals as well as hygienic undertakings are held to be 
cheaper than cripples, beggars and epidemics. 

References 

Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 6, 19, 

21, 24. 
The Healing of the Nations, p. 62. 

Additional Reference 
Stewart of Lovedale, p. 22*7. 

3. How Maintained. — Much of the support of these 
hospitals must come first from Christian countries, but 
later on many hospitals find that by means of gifts and re- 
munerations the work can be entirely self-supporting, 
outside of the physician's salary. There is everywhere 
an encouraging tendency among the natives, according 
to reports, to pay for what they get. 



THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 37 

References 

The Medical Mission, pp. 65-68. 
The Medical Missionary, pp. 30-43. 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 218, 219. 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, p. 175. 

Murdered Millions, pp. 68-72. 

World-wide Evangelization, pp. 5, 25. 

4. The Hospital Staff. — As a rule, the desire of the 
missionary societies is to have two physicians in each 
hospital, although this ideal is not by any means attained 
as yet. The many advantages of this plan are obvious. 

There is a large and growing demand for graduate 
nurses (foreign trained) to supervise the work of the 
native nurses-in-training. In numerous instances, how- 
ever, the doctor has to supervise this work himself. 

Reference 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 19, 21, 24. 

Additional Reference 
The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, p. 219. 



STUDY VI 

THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 

(Concluded) 

IV. DISEASES TREATED 

Generally speaking, each country has the greater num- 
ber of the diseases known to other countries, together with 
certain forms of disease peculiar to that country. For 
technical detail regarding the diseases treated by the 
medical missionary the student is directed to text-books 
and recent articles in medical journals on the subject, 
particularly those describing the recent investigations of 
diseases in Africa and preventive work in India and 
China. In the classification below, only the diseases of 
China, India and Africa will be discussed, as the diseases 
of the other mission countries are very similar. 

i. Diseases of China.— Most of the diseases of the 
United States are found with greater or less frequency 
in China. Diseases seen in China with comparative fre- 
quency but which are seldom found here are: Beriberi, 
Cholera, Dengue, Guinea-worm Disease, Endemic Hemop- 
tysis, Filariasis, Leprosy, Plague, Intestinal Cestodes 
and Nematodes (certain varieties), Mycetoma, Tropical 
Dysentery, Tropical Splenomegalia, and Undulant Fever. 
Small-pox, Skin Diseases, Ankylostomiasis and Syphilis 



THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 39 

are rife throughout all China. Yellow Fever has not been 
reported there as yet. 

Reference 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, p. 10. 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 300, 393. 

Modern Medicine and Surgery in the Orient, p. 21. 

The Chinese: Medical, Political and Social, Chs. VIIL, IX. 

Tropical Medicine: Jackson (consult Index). 

Tropical Diseases: Manson (consult Index). 

China Medical Journal. 

2. Diseases of India. — The diseases most frequently- 
dealt with in India other than those which are common 
to North America are : Ainhum, Beriberi, Cholera, 
Dengue, Filariasis, Guinea-worm Disease, Intestinal Para- 
sites, Leprosy, Plague, Tropical Dysentery, Tropical 
Splenomegalia, Tropical Ulcer, and Yaws. Ankylosto- 
miasis also is common. 

References 

The Medical Missionary, pp. 32-36. 

Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 23, 26. 

Additional References 

Tropical Medicine: Jackson ( consult Index). 
Tropical Diseases: Manson (consult Index). 
Medical Missions in India (consult Indices). 
Indian Medical Gazette (consult Indices). 

3. Diseases of Africa. — " The Open Sore of the 
World " was Livingstone's characterization of Africa, in 



40 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 

speaking of its general conditions. Considering its vast 
millions, its great variety of diseases (many of which are 
as yet unstudied) and its insignificant number of physi- 
cians and hospitals, the term could be well used in its 
strictly medical sense. 

The diseases of Africa are varied indeed. The continent 
is a veritable natural museum of diseases. Practically 
every disease named above is to be found there. Added 
to that number are Yellow Fever (occasionally found in 
Northern Africa), Bilharzia, Goundou, Tick Fever, and 
Trypanosomiasis, together with a number of other condi- 
tions as yet unnamed. 

Reference 
The Medical Missionary, p. 31. 

Additional References 

Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 

Climate, Vols. L, II., III., IV., and V. 

Tropical Medicine: Jackson (consult Index). 

Tropical Diseases : Manson (consult Index). 

China Medical Journal, January, 1909, Article by Sir Patrick Man- 



V. THE DAILY LIFE OF THE MEDICAL MIS- 
SIONARY 

In the year 1908 Dr. O. R. Avison of Korea and 
his assistant had 1,561 office consultations; made 497 
visits to patients' homes, and 121 to the palace of the 
emperor; treated 12,000 dispensary cases, and accom- 
plished much in the translation of medical books. In ad- 



THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 41 

dition, he graduated a class of seven medical students 
and one class of nurses, having given both daily instruc- 
tion; held many prayer meetings and Bible classes, and 
occasionally he preached on Sunday. From this summary 
some conception may be gained of what the daily life of 
the medical missionary may include. 

Definite statement of his work each day is impossible. 
Routine must vary according to the conditions and char- 
acter of the hospital, the personnel of the force there, the 
individuality of the doctor, the number of Christian work- 
ers, the amount of training undertaken, the size of the 
dispensary, the varied interests physicians may have out- 
side, and many other considerations. 

The following items will give some idea of the wide 
range of the physician's activities : 

There are the dispensary cases to be taken care of; 
there are the operations ; many dressings require his per- 
sonal attention ; the nurses must receive their instruction ; 
here and there, at the bedside of some patient, time 
must be taken for brief conversation and a word of 
prayer ; apparatus has often to be made ; there are always 
morning devotional services, and sometimes Sunday ser- 
vices are conducted by the physician ; at times the pharma- 
ceutical work cannot be delegated to others; itinerating 
is sometimes called for ; cases must be recorded ; patients 
must be visited in their homes; some time must be re- 
served for laboratory study and at times for the writing 
of scientific articles for medical journals and for transla- 
tion work; there are frequent consultations with officials 
regarding general hygienic conditions. The medical 
missionary is eager also to reserve time for the writing 



42 THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 

of pamphlets and giving of lectures for popular hygienic 
instruction. It can be readily believed, then, that the 
physician has full scope for all of his powers, and full 
opportunity to use each moment of the day. 

It is a matter of common opinion to-day among those 
best acquainted with the missionary problem that much 
of the time of the physician should be given to training 
the natives to meet their own medical burden. To reach 
a hundred thousand lives, and bring comfort and a new 
vision of life to them, is a worthy and large work, but 
how much greater the work of the man who in addition 
to this trains a number of bright young men to do like- 
wise and so duplicates his life and his noble work ! See 
Study I, section II. 

Religious Work. — The question is often asked, now 
much religious work does the doctor do? This question 
can be answered only in a general way. The work of 
the physician on a foreign field cannot be bisected into 
purely medical and spiritual work, saying, " this is medi- 
cal work " and " that is spiritual." All his work is re- 
ligious work. It must be saturated through and through 
with the spirit of Christ. His physical and spiritual min- 
istrations must be combined, even as they were in the 
life of the Great Physician. " After all," says Mackenzie, 
" our great work lies in bringing home the love of God 
to our patients." Much of the preaching of Christ was 
done through His healing works; and He sent His dis- 
ciples out to their work with the instruction that they 
should heal and preach. 

A particularly good sketch of the daily life of the 



THE MEDICAL MISSIONARY AT WORK 43 

medical missionary will be found in the China Medical 
Journal, January, 1908. 

Reference 
The Healing of the Nations, pp. 81-83. 

Additional References 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 213-217, 282-283. 
The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. 116-118. 
Encyclopedia of Missions, p. 415. 



STUDY VII 

A GREAT LIFE OPPORTUNITY 

I. SOME NOTABLE MEDICAL MISSIONARIES 

Dr. Gabriel Broughton, who, in 1636, opened up East 
India to the commerce of the world. ("The Medical 
Mission/' p. 50.) 

Dr. Peter Parker, the point of whose lancet opened 
China to missionary endeavor. (" Healing of the 
Nations," p. 44; " Life of Peter Parker.") 

Dr. John G. Kerr, physician to seven hundred thou- 
sand patients, chief operator at forty thousand opera- 
tions, major and minor; contributor to the world's knowl- 
edge of Vesicle Calculi ; translator of many technical books 
into Chinese ; author and writer, founder of the first hos- 
pital for the insane in China. 

Dr. O. R. Avison, physician, organizer, builder, trans- 
lator and educator. ("Observations on the Medical 
Progress in the Orient," pp. 19, 20.) 

Dr. Wilfred Grenfell, C.M.G., sea captain, storekeeper, 
magistrate, preacher, surgeon, author, and patron saint 
of Labrador. {Harper's, December, 1904; McClnre's, 
April, 1905 ; Leslie's, December, 1904; recent magazines.) 

Dr. James Curtis Hepburn, founder of modern medi- 
cine in Japan, planter of the seed from which the splendid 
triumph of the Japanese medical force during the Russo- 



A GREAT LIFE OPPORTUNITY 45 

Japanese War was the flower ; decorated by the Japanese 
Emperor. (" Christ, the Creator of the New Japan." 
" Opportunities in the Path of the Great Physician," pp. 
247-250. Alumni Register, University of Pennsylvania.) 

Dr. J. C. Berry, introducer of prison reform in Japan ; 
founder of the first training school for nurses in that 
country. (" Christ, the Creator of New Japan.") 

Dr. Mary Fulton, founder of the David Gregg Hos- 
pital at Canton and the C. P. Turner Training School for 
Nurses, organizer of the Hackett Medical College for 
Women, a great force for the uplifting of woman in 
China. (" Observations on the Medical Progress in 
the Orient.") 

Dr. Leonora Howard, first woman physician to the 
Chinese nobility. 

Dr. Clara Swain, first woman physician in Asia. (Sent 
out to India in 1869.) 

David Livingston, physician, scientist, explorer. 

Dr. John Kenneth Mackenzie, distinguished Chinese 
missionary, physician to Li Hung Chang, and founder of 
the Imperial Army and Navy Medical School at Tientsin. 
("John Kenneth Mackenzie.") 

Dr. Laws, builder of a civilization at Livingstonia, 
Central Africa. 

II. SOME PRODIGIOUS ACHIEVEMENTS 

One missionary with his assistants gave medical atten- 
tion to more than 310,000 patients. (See " The Medical 
Missionary," p. 39.) Patients numbering from 5,000 to 
15,000 each year are generally reported by the physicians 



46 A GREAT LIFE OPPORTUNITY 

in charge at the various mission stations. It is apparent 
that medical science would be greatly advanced had these 
men more time to carefully report upon these large num- 
bers. The opportunity here presented for the preaching 
of the Gospel as only a doctor can is unlimited. 

References 

The Medical Mission, pp. 43, 44, 91. 

A Modern Miracle Plant, Chs. " Three Decades ; " " Christianity 

a Pervasive Leaven." 
The Medical Missionary, pp. 9, 32, 43, 49. 
Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient, pp. 21, 26, 27. 

Additional References 

Stewart of Lovedale, p. 151. 

John Kenneth Mackenzie, pp. 349, 385, 395. 

Gloria Christi, pp. 116, 135. 

Christian Missions and Social Progress, pp. 423, 424, 426, 427. 

Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions, pp. 192-21 1, 222-224, 271. 

Series of Individual Cases. — Concerning the value 
of large series of well-studied individual cases there is 
little variety of opinion. Major Henry Smith, of Jal- 
landur, India, who last year operated on three thousand 
cataracts, says : " If the name of India were changed to 
Germany, this country would have crowds of post-gradu- 
ates from Europe and America to learn how to operate 
on stones in the bladder, and upon the eye." (See Medi- 
cal Missions in India, January, 1909, Symposium on Lith- 
otomy versus Lithotrity. This article, contributed to by 
men whose cases have numbered from fifteen to three 
hundred, is highly illuminating, and of much value to 
the profession.) 



A GREAT LIFE OPPORTUNITY 47 

Dr. Kerr, of China, is reported to have had 1,300 cases 
of Cystic Calculi. ("Healing of the Nations/' p. 37.) 
Dr. Thorn, of Mesopotamia, has operated upon a similar 
condition over three hundred times. ("The Medical 
Missionary," p. 23.) 

Dr. Wanless, of India, had five hundred operations for 
cataract in 1908. (" Observations on the Medical Prog- 
ress in the Orient," p. 26.) 



III. PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS 
REQUIRED 

Points to be considered as to whether a person would 
make an acceptable medical missionary fall naturally 
under five heads : Health ; Adaptability ; Professional 
Proficiency; A Consecrated Life; A Loving Spirit. 
(See " The Medical Mission," Ch. X.) 

1. Health.— The necessity of good health cannot be 
questioned. A person who is seriously handicapped 
here because of health conditions ought not to consider 
the harder duties of the tropics. 

2. Adaptability. — Adaptability is essential. Condi- 
tions wholly strange, unsatisfactory and uncomfort- 
able will be met, to which the physician will have to 
adapt himself. Said a surgeon on the field : " You 
turn the chloroform bottle over often to a person who 
never saw it or heard of it before, and still you go on 
operating." Such admittedly unsatisfactory conditions 
demand adaptability. 



48 A GREAT LIFE OPPORTUNITY 

Good team work is essential in every mission station, 
and this requires that the medical missionary be one 
who can bear and forbear, that he be unselfish and 
obliging, that he be a good " mixer," that he have 
patience and some sense of humor — in short, that he 
be able, without chafing and worry, to adapt himself 
to his environment. 

3. Professional Proficiency. — His preparation for 
professional efficacy in medical missionary work 
should go back to his academic course. A college course 
is desirable and is often demanded by the Mission Boards 
whose standards are gradually being raised, according 
to the increasing demands which the conditions on the 
field make upon the medical missionary. One qualifica- 
tion that is emphasized by the Boards is thoroughness. 
Dr. C. R. Watson, Secretary of the United Presbyterian 
Board of Foreign Missions, says : " There is one word 
which carries with it so many other things that I like to 
name it as an essential qualification for the missionary. 
It is thoroughness. As a Board Secretary visiting edu- 
cational institutions in search of missionary candidates, 
and meeting repeatedly tho§e who are applying for mis- 
sionary appointment, I can scarcely express the opinion 
of disheartenment that comes when the candidate shows 
evidence of lacking thoroughness, of being slip-shod in 
all that he is and in all that he does. This disqualification 
is a most serious one, and yet one which it is hard to 
make the candidate conscious of. The trouble with him 
is that he does nothing thoroughly. He is careless in all 
of his activities. He is not a thorough student ; his work 



A GREAT LIFE OPPORTUNITY 49 

is not thorough. He is half-hearted, even in his pleas- 
ures, and is perhaps careless in his dress. 

" On the other hand is the man who is thorough. It is 
with a sense of relief that one meets this candidate. He 
may not have traveled far in the pathway of experience 
or the pathway of opportunity, but in so far as he has 
gone, everything has been mastered. What he has 
studied, he knows. If he does any work, you can count 
on it being a clean, thorough piece of work. To use a 
popular phrase, what he does ' stays put/ Every ad- 
vantage that has been his has been so carefully improved 
that it is stored away as a resource which will serve him 
in good stead in some future emergency/' 

If thoroughness is needed in an academic school, it is 
doubly essential in the strictly medical preparation of the 
student. Review briefly the scope of the medical mis- 
sionary's work (Study I.). Consider the diseases of the 
mission fields (Study VI.), and it will be seen how neces- 
sary is a wide and thorough preparation. Practical 
surgery and knowledge of diseases of the eye are 
specially important. 

References 

The Medical Mission, Ch. X. 

The Medical Missionary, pp. 23, 24, 31, 32-36. 

Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient. 

Additional Reference 
The Student Missionary Appeal, pp. 47-48. 

4. A Consecrated Life.— For the medical missionary 
a consecrated life means a life wholly devoted to the 



50 A GREAT LIFE OPPORTUNITY 

alleviation of suffering, to the furtherance of real 
medical knowledge and hygiene, but most of all to 
the advancement of the Kingdom of Christ. David 
Livingstone, who did so much in services that could 
not be called distinctively religious, said: "I will 
place no value on anything I have or may possess 
save in its relation to the Kingdom of Christ. If any- 
thing I have will advance the interests of the Kingdom, 
it shall be given or kept, as by giving or keeping I can 
most promote the glory of Him to whom I owe all my 
hopes for time and eternity." 

Dr. Wanless well says : "The medical missionary should 
be a man possessed of an earnest desire to save souls. 
Professional experience and the amelioration of suffer- 
ing, however good and praiseworthy in themselves, are 
not all that a true medical missionary seeks to accom- 
plish. To secure merely the physical good of a patient 
is to lose the highest joy which the service itself affords, 
and to fail in spiritual ministration is to cut the nerve 
which itself tingles with the real blessedness of service/' 
— " The Medical Mission," p. jj. 

References 

The Medical Mission, Ch. X. 

The Healing of the Nations, pp. 87-88. 

Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, Chs. II., III. 

5. A Loving Spirit. — If, as John Kenneth Mackenzie 
said, after a life full of works of healing, " Our great 
work is the bringing home of the love of God to our 
patients," how necessary it is that love be the dominant 



A GREAT LIFE OPPORTUNITY 51 

factor in his life. A strong sense of duty, even though it 
leads to consecration, is incomplete without the greater 
compulsion of love. A great missionary said, " Though 
I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I 
give my body to be burned, and have not love, it would 
be profitless to me." 

How full and abiding will be the work of that physi- 
cian whose work is all done in a spirit of love, even the 
love that rises to that sublime height, " Greater love 
hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for 
his friends! " 

Reference 

Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work, Chs. II., III. 

Additional References 

The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou, pp. 278, 279. 

Stewart of Lovedale, Ch. XXII. 

Students and the Missionary Problem, p. 500. 



STUDY VIII 

THE IDEAL MEDICAL MISSIONARY 

The study of medical missionaries is far from com- 
plete if it does not include an examination of the life of 
the One to whom all later medical missionaries have 
looked as their Pioneer and Pattern. 

The records of His life abound in narratives of His 
use of the art of healing ; and the question that arises is, 
In what way did His work as physician help Him in His 
work as missionary, or "sent one"? In other words, 
How did Christ's work of healing contribute to the reali- 
zation of His life purpose? 

I. IT HELPED HIM TO INTERPRET GOD TO MEN 

This was the errand of Christ — to reveal God the 
Father. He was the Word — or expression — of God. 
How then did Christ's work of healing help Him to in- 
terpret God? 

i. It Exhibited God's Loving Sympathy to Men. — 

Christ came to reveal a God not far off and unknow- 
able, but a God just and also merciful, a God who 
longs to bless far more than His creatures to receive ; 
a God, not Creator and Judge alone, but also loving 
Father. 



THE IDEAL MEDICAL MISSIONARY S3 

How was He to reveal such a God ? By words alone ? 
By death alone, when that time should come ? Or was it 
not also by a life filled with merciful, helpful and loving 
deeds? As one considers His great life purpose, it is 
not surprising that the fact is emphasized that Christ 
" went about doing good." All that God was to Him 
He would have men know — truth, mercy, peace, light, 
freedom from all that binds and saddens life (Luke 4 :i8). 
Thus, while His great message was to the soul, He also 
had a message to the body and oftentimes through the 
body to the soul. 

Jesus came into a world of physical suffering and the 
love and sympathy of His heart could not find full expres- 
sion apart from the work of physical healing. A true- 
hearted physician or nurse understands this as perhaps 
no one else can. 

Very briefly review some of these incidents in the life 
of the Great Physician, keeping in mind the frequently 
recurring phrase that " He was moved with compassion." 

There was the bereaved mother, whose grief went 
straight to the heart of the Great Physician. And the 
comforting words of " Weep not " were quickly followed 
by the command that brought amazement and joy to the 
mother's heart. And there must have been for Him a 
great gladness as "He gave him to his mother" (Luke 
7: 11-17). There were the blind who came to Him; and 
" He had compassion on them, and touched their eyes " 
(Mark 20 : 34). There was the leper in Galilee who came 
to Him; and so great was the love of Jesus and His 
desire that this man should be well that, unmindful of 
ceremonial uncleanness and rabbinical injunctions, He 



54 THE IDEAL MEDICAL MISSIONARY 

reached forth His hand, touched him, and pronounced 
him healed (Mark 1:40-45). So full of sympathy for 
the suffering was His great heart, that, even after the 
busiest of days, He would forget His weariness and spend 
the evening hours healing those who were brought to 
Him (Mark 1:32-33). At the sight of suffering, the 
first thought was its possible alleviation, and the most 
natural question was, " Wouldst thou be made whole ? " 
(John 1:6). The comforting words, "Daughter, be of 
good cheer," were the very words we should expect from 
His lips (Matt. 8:22). The thought of the long hours, 
months, and years that one may have suffered occurs 
naturally to a loving and sympathetic mind ; and we hear 
Him say to an anxious father, " How long a time is it 
since this came upon him?" (Mark 9:21). He would 
not have been Love Incarnate if the anguished cry from 
the heart of Bartimaeus and of the lepers did not strike 
deep and responsive cords in His own life (Mark 10:47; 
Luke 11 : 17). The answer to the cry, "Jesus, thou Son 
of David, have mercy on me ! " tells of a great wealth 
of love and sympathy in the heart of a Physician who 
came to reveal God. 

The great Prototype ancf Pattern of all medical mis- 
sionaries gave Himself to the work of healing because 
of His loving sympathy with all who suffered. 

2. It Illustrated the Power of God and Led Men 
to Glorify Him. — Numerous instances of this result of 
His healing acts are recorded. " And they glorified God, 
which had given such power unto men" (Matt. 9:8). 
"And they glorified the God of Israel (Matt. 5:30). 



THE IDEAL MEDICAL MISSIONARY 55 

u And there came a great fear upon all, and they glorified 
God, saying . . . God hath visited His people " 
(Luke 7 :i6). " And immediately she was made straight, 
and glorified God" (Luke 13-15). And in sorrow He 
said, after the healing of the ten lepers, " Can it be that, 
of the ten who were healed, only this stranger is found 
who renders glory unto God ! " 

Every medical missionary who truly has " followed in 
His train " has similarly had no thought of his personal 
glory, but has lived and wrought for the glory of God. 

3. It Emphasized God's Interest in the Individual. — 

It must have greatly impressed those among whom He 
worked that Jesus concerned Himself so with each in- 
dividual He met, forgetting the throng in the street to 
heal one woman, more conscious of one paralytic than 
of scores of others in the house, turning from a crowded 
audience to heal a leper or a man with a withered hand. 
Jesus was ambitious for the highest efficiency of every 
individual. Therefore He healed. Bartimaeus and his 
family, Jai'rus with his wife and daughter, the Gadarene 
demoniac and his entire community would gladly testify 
to that. And in seeking to develop in each individual 
his greatest capacities, the dignity as well as the value of 
the human body was emphatically taught. Ascetics of 
Christ's day dishonored the body ; He " came eating and 
drinking." The epicureans of His day dishonored the 
body ; He came declaring that " the Kingdom of God is 
not meat and drink." He taught that " the very hairs of 
your head are numbered," and that " the Kingdom of God 
is within you " and that the Holy Spirit " shall be in you." 



5 6 THE IDEAL MEDICAL MISSIONARY 

If God thus honors the body of a man, so, He taught, 
ought we to honor it and give it ample care. 

So too the medical missionary of to-day, imitating his 
Master, is zealous to raise up every individual life that is 
hurt and broken and disqualified to a place of efficiency 
in service. 

4. It Gave Assurance of God's Readiness to Honor 
Faith and Answer Prayer. — This great truth was 
taught and exemplified by Jesus in many ways, but par- 
ticularly was it shown in His acts of healing. Not many 
of them could be wrought in His home town " because 
of their unbelief." Wherever He found faith He 
healed ; and the measure of His healing was the measure 
of men's faith. " Believe ye that I am able to do this ? " 
He asked as the blind men came to Him craving their 
sight (Matt. 9:27-34). And the result was according 
to their faith. " Thy faith hath saved thee" (Matt. 
9 : 22). " This goeth not out, because of your unbelief " 
(Matt. 17:14-21). "O, faithless generation!" (Mark 
14: 29). " Fear not, only believe, and she shall be made 
whole " (Luke 8 : 50) . " Said I not unto thee, that if thou 
wouldst believe, thou shouldst see the glory of God ? " 
(John 11:40). "Thy faith hath made thee whole." 

II. IT SECURED A WIDER HEARING FOR HIS 
MESSAGE 

This certainly was not a motive of Christ in perform- 
ing His works of healing. He distinctly disclaimed any 
such motive. When men came seeking " signs," He sent 



THE IDEAL MEDICAL MISSIONARY 57 

them away. In resisting the second temptation, the ques- 
tion of employing such means to secure a following was 
forever settled. 

However, the fact remains that many came, and heard 
His message, who came merely because of His fame as 
a healer, — either out of curiosity, or because they or some 
relative or friend was in need of bodily healing (Mark 
1:28, Luke 4:15). Had Christ gone about preaching 
only, He would have reached a certain number, but 
He went about " doing good " ; and the multitudes flocked 
to Him and many gave Him their confidence and love 
because of what He had done for them. 



THE PURSUIT OF THE IDEAL 

Should the great life purpose of the medical missionary- 
to-day be one whit less exalted than that which actuated 
Christ as He purposed to reveal God, the loving Father, 
to those who did not know Him? Or should he be less 
ready to lose himself utterly in seeking Jo realize that 
purpose ? 

Briefly review the scope and value of medical missions. 
Examine how it is a continuation in fuller detail of the 
same work that Christ began. Luke, the physician, writes 
of the work " which Jesus began both to do and to teach." 
Who, more than the medical missionary, is in a position 
to continue to do and to teach those things ? 

It is often assumed that the physician at home and the 
medical missionary abroad need concern themselves only 
with the bodies of men. Show that this is scientifically 
untrue. Show, too, that no physician with exalted ideals 
of his profession, and especially no physician who seeks 
to follow in the steps of the Great Physician, would re- 
gard his field as so restricted. 

Macl^ay, the great missionary of Uganda, said, " All 
missionary work, in the highest sense, must be healing 
work." Consider how brief and limited Christ's influence 
would have been, had He concerned himself only with 
the infirmities of the body. His great message was al- 
ways to the soul. His words of command are significant 



THE PURSUIT OF THE IDEAL 59 

as He says, " Heal the sick, . . . and say, The King- 
dom of God is come nigh unto you." The Ideal Medical 
Missionary as a physician to the body alone would be 
unthinkable. So it is unthinkable that any medical mis- 
sionary fulfils his largest mission in his ministrations to 
the bodies of men. It is a splendid work to cut, with 
skill and courage, a malignant growth out of the body; 
but how much more splendid a work it is to cut, with a 
masterly skill learned from the Great Physician Himself, 
" the malignant growth out of the life ! " 

" Greater works than these shall ye do." Do these 
words have a special significance, as the large and varied 
work of the medical missionary to-day is considered? 
The " greater works " are everywhere apparent. Christ 
healed a few sick. Hospitals have been, and are being 
founded where hundreds of thousands come for relief. 
Christ sent a few men out to heal. Medical schools are 
now being established that for the centuries to come 
will be sending out thousands on their healing mission. 
Christ, with His loving heart, blessed the children as 
they were brought to Him; but the children's hospitals 
and the orphans' homes to-day are eloquent of the 
" greater works " of which He spoke. He gave sight to 
a few that were blind ; but to-day the glad words of Bar- 
timaeus are on the lips of multitudes. And the spiritual 
leper, the blind and the bruised are " giving glory to God" 
in uncounted numbers. Truly, " greater works than these 
shall ye do." 



APPENDIX A 

SOME PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ANSWERED 

The answers given below to questions that are continu- 
ally arising are of necessity general and incomplete. 
Definite and complete information should be sought from 
the various church mission boards. 

i. How is a Medical Missionary Sent to the Foreign 
Field? — Direct application is made to the mission 
board of the denomination of which the student is a 
member. If no vacancy exists, other mission boards 
are always pleased to consider applications. 

Information as to the needs of the various boards and 
fields can be obtained from the Candidate Secretary of 
the Student Volunteer Movement, 125 East 27th Street, 
New York. 

2. How Long is the Period of Service? — It is ex- 
pected, except in special "Cases, that the candidate goes 
out for life service on the field, but no contracts are 
signed, which would evidently be unwise without a 
personal knowledge of missionary conditions on the 
part of the candidate and of the candidate on the part 
of the board. The length of the first period of ser- 
vice varies with the different boards and with the 
particular field to which the person is sent. Periods vary 
from three to ten years. 



SOME PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ANSWERED 61 

3. What Arrangements are Made for Recuperation, 
Furloughs and Post-graduate Work? — Generally one 
year in every five, six, seven or ten years is given 
for the above, depending on the climatic conditions, 
the exactions of the work and other circumstances. 
One or two months are given each year during the 
summer for recuperation. The salary and traveling 
expenses during this period are generally paid. 

4. What are the Financial Arrangements? — The re- 
muneration is sufficient to meet the living needs, 
varying as to the locality, the length of service, size of 
family, etc. A general statement might be that a single 
man or woman gets from $500 to $1,000 per year; that 
a married couple receive from $800 to $1,500 per year. 
House rent is usually furnished. Traveling expenses of 
the family are paid to and from the home land. 

5. What about the Education of Children? — In 

some mission fields thoroughly equipped schools are 
found, established for the education of the missionaries , 
children. Often the children remain with the parents 
until ten or twelve years of age, and then are sent home 
to continue their education in the home schools. Usually 
it is necessary to send them home earlier. 

6. How about Learning the Language? — The lan- 
guage difficulty varies greatly with the field ; for instance, 
in South America the Spanish language is easily learned, 
while Chinese and Arabic are noted for their difficulty. 
Generally speaking, the greater part of the first year 
or two is spent learning the language, until a fair 



62 SOME PRACTICAL QUESTIONS ANSWERED 

proficiency is reached ; and study should be continued 
thereafter. 

7. Should a Missionary Candidate be Married? — 

Generally speaking, it is well that a person be married 
before leaving for the work. Pioneer fields demand un- 
married men until the work is developed. The require- 
ments of the foreign mission boards differ on this point. 

8. What is the Age Limit? — This depends on the 
country to which one is assigned. For China, where the 
language is learned with difficulty, persons who are over 
thirty are seldom accepted. The age limit is not so 
sharply defined for work in some other countries. Many 
considerations enter into this question. 

9. What are the Climatic Conditions? — This again 
depends on the country. India's climate, for instance, is 
vastly different from that of Manchuria. China's climate 
is fully as varied as that of the United States. There is 
every climate to be chosen. 



APPENDIX B 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Any of the following books, pamphlets, or periodicals, may be ordered through 
the Student Volunteer Movement, 125 East 27th Street, New York City. 



MAIN REFERENCE MATERIAL 

Barton, James L. The Medical Missionary. American Board of 
Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 15 cents. 

Jeffrys, W. H. Practical Ideals in Medical Mission Work. Do- 
mestic and Foreign Missionary Society. 10 cents. 

Ludlow, I. Observations on the Medical Progress in the Orient. 

Tucker, F. F. and E. B. A Modern Miracle Plant. 25 cents. 

Wanless, W. J. The Medical Mission. Student Volunteer 
Movement. 10 cents. 

Williamson, J. R. The Healing of the Nations. Student Volun- 
teer Movement. Cloth, 40 cents; paper, 25 cents. 

A packet containing the above literature (in paper binding) will be mailed 
from the office of the Student Volunteer Movement to any address upon 
receipt of 75 cents. 



ADDITIONAL REFERENCE MATERIAL 

Barnes, Irene H. Between Life and Death. Church of Eng- 
land Zenana Missionary Society. $1.25. 

Bryson, Mary I. John Kenneth Mackenzie. Fleming H. Revell 
Co. $1.50. 

Coltman, Jr., Robert. The Chinese: Their Present and Future, 
Medical, Political and Social. F. A. Davis. $1.25. 



64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Dennis, James S. Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions. Flem- 
ing H. Revell Co. $4.00. 

Dennis, James S. Christian Missions and Social Progress. 3 
vols. Fleming H. Revell Co. $2.50 each. 

Douglass, Robert K. Society in China. A. D. Inness & Co., 
London. $4.00. 

Dowkontt, G. D. Murdered Millions. Medical Missionary Rec- 
ord. Cloth, 30 cents; paper, 15 cents. 

Dwight, Henry Otis and Edward Munsell Bliss, Editors. En- 
cyclopedia of Missions. Funk & Wagnalls. $6.00. 

Gracey, Mrs. J. T. Women's Medical Work in Foreign Lands. 
Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, M. E. Church. 30 
cents. 

Griffis, W. E. Christ, the Creator of New Japan. American 
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 5 cents. 

Jackson, T. W. Tropical Medicine. Blakiston. $4.00. 

Lindsay, Anna R. Gloria Christi. Macmillan Company. Cloth, 
50 cents ; paper, 30 cents. 

Lowe, J. Medical Missions. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 

Manson, Patrick. Tropical Diseases. Wood. $4.00. 

Mears, J. E. Modern Medicine and Surgery in the Orient. 
(Pamphlet out of print, see Boston Medical and Surgical 
Journal, June 11, 1908.) 

Medical Arm of the Missionary Service, The. American 
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. (Out of 
print.) 

Peill, A. Beloved Physician: of Tsang Chou, The. Headley 
Brothers, London. $2.00., 

Penrose, V. F. Opportunities in the Path of the Great Physician. 
1902. Westminster Press. $1.00. 

Stevens, G. B. Life of Peter Parker. Sunday School and Pub- 
lication Company. (Out of print.) 

Students and the Missionary Problem. London Conference 
Report. Student Christian Movement. London. $2.00. 

Student Missionary Appeal. Student Volunteer Movement 
Convention Report (Cleveland). Student Volunteer Move- 
ment. (Out of print.) 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 

Thoburn, James M. Christian Conquest of India. Young Peo- 
ple's Missionary Movement. Cloth, 50 cents ; paper, 35 cents. 

Wells, J. Stewart of Lovedale. Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.50. 

World-wide Evangelization. Student Volunteer Movement 
Convention Report (Toronto). Student Volunteer Move- 
ment. $1.50. 



PERIODICALS 

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 28 Orchard 

Street, London, England. $7.50 per year. 
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. Boston, Mass. $5.00 per 

year. 
British Medical Journal. 429 Strand, London, England. $10.00 

per year. 
China Medical Journal. Medical Missionary Association, 18 Pe- 
king Road, Shanghai. $4.00 per year. 
Climate. (Discontinued 1905. See old volumes.) 
Indian Magazine and Review. 10 Orange Street, London. $1.50 

per year. 
Indian Medical Gazette. Thacker Spink & Company, Calcutta, 

India. $4.00 per year. 
Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. $6.00 per year. 
<Lancet A The. London. $10.00 per year. 
Medical Missions in India. Medical Missionary Association of 

India. Pokhuria, India. 50 cents per year. 
Pennsylvania Medical Journal. Athens, Pa. $2.00 per year. 
Philippine Journal of Science, The. Manila, P. I. $5.00 per year. 



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